ABSTRACT
For many years, proper biomedical waste (BMW) management in line with the rules was among the overlooked components of health care. Biomedical waste presents a series of environmental contamination. As a result, it must be treated using extreme caution and disposed of properly. There are a few gaps in the handling of biological generated waste, and the coronavirus epidemic has made it very hard. The virus's quick breakout resulted in a massive increase in the amount of biohazardous matter. The COVID-19 epidemic's devastation has altered global waste generation trends, needing special attention. Sudden variations in trash generation and volume need a dynamic response from authorities. This study highlights the problems that the collection and recycling business faces even after a pandemic, as well as the basic possibility to eliminate current framework faults. The study covers specific situations for handling medical waste, polymeric garbage, and recycling bins, which were all major causes of concerns all through this time period. We also go over successful stakeholder involvement and teamwork.The existence of illness sewage treatment in regular effluent created offers significant dangers and liabilities to hygiene workers. Small metal usage is predicted to recover as a result of rising hygiene concerns, particularly from items used for safety precautions and medication. The research further underlines the significance of creating localized, streamlined supply channels to deal with these kinds of situations in the case of unanticipated devastating catastrophes. Despite presenting unique solutions to existing recycling challenges, the paper also presents numerous crucial recommendations to regulators to enable them to cope with any potential outbreaks in a holistic way. © 2023 Author(s).
ABSTRACT
A highly transmissible and pathogenic Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely affected human health and impacted negatively on the environment. In this review, we discuss the extent of the generation of COVID waste, and how its disposal can influence the environment. We have especially emphasized the COVID-related biomedical waste management. An attempt has also been made to identify several challenges encountered in India. Studies have indicated an altered water usage pattern, which increased megacities' water footprint in India. Enhanced domestic sewage discharge resulted in higher fecal coliform count in water bodies. Disposal of COVID biomedical waste (CBW) and personal protective equipment (PPE) resulted in a huge amount of single-use plastics (SUPs);which in turn cause the long-term risk of micro- and nano-plastic in the environment. This review also aims to put up the need for well-equipped infrastructure, efficient treatment facility, and public availability of CBW data in India to make effective policies and sustainable solutions for long-term goals. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Amid COVID-19, world has gone under environmental reformation in terms of clean rivers and blue skies, whereas, generation of biomedical waste management has emerged as a big threat for the whole world, especially in the developing nations. Appropriate biomedical waste management has become a prime concern worldwide in the pandemic era of COVID-19 as it may affect environment and living organisms up to a great extent. The problem has been increased many folds because of unexpected generations of hazardous biomedical waste which needs extraordinary attentions. In this paper, the impacts and future challenges of solid waste management especially the biomedical waste management on environment and human beings have been discussed amid COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also recommends some guidelines to manage the bulk of medical wastes for the protection of human health and environment. The paper summarizes better management practices for the wastes including optimizing the decision process, infrastructure, upgrading treatment methods and other activities related with the biological disasters like COVID-19. As achieved in the past for viral disinfection, use of UV- rays with proper precautions can also be explored for COVID-19 disinfection. For biomedical waste management, thermal treatment of waste can be an alternative, as it can generate energy along with reducing waste volume by 80-95%. The Asian Development Bank observed that additional biomedical waste was generated ranged from 154 to 280 tons/day during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic in Asian megacities such as Manila, Jakarta, Wuhan, Bangkok, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur.
ABSTRACT
Elevated medical waste has urged the improvement of sustainable medical waste treatments. A bibliometric analysis is initially conducted to investigate scientific development of medical waste management to pinpoint the publication trends, influential articles, journals and countries and study hotspots. Publications on medical waste and its management sharply increased since 2020. The most influential article was written by Klemeš et al., and "Waste Management and Research” is the most productive journal. India, China, the United Kingdom, Iran and Italy have published the most works. The research spotlights have switched from "human” and "sustainable development” in 2019 to "COVID-19” and "circular economy” in 2021. Since government acts essentially in handling medical waste and controlling disease transmission, rule implementations among the abovementioned countries are summarized to seek gaps between scientific advancement and regulatory frameworks. For accomplishing a circular economy, waste-to-energy technologies (incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma-based treatments, carbonization, hydrogenation, liquefaction, biomethanation, fermentation and esterification) are comprehensively reviewed. Incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and carbonization are relatively feasible methods, their characteristics and limitations are further compared. By holistically reviewing current status of medical waste research, the focal points involved in management at the policy and technical level have been highlighted to find proper routes for medical waste valorization. © 2023 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
A large number of people got infected and many lost their lives due to COVID-19. The increased volume and source-shuffling of the waste generated during the pandemic have challenged the current waste management facilities. The major sources of infectious waste not only include hospitals but also houses and quarantine facilities that lack in source-management thereby increasing the spread of the virus. This article focuses on waste collection and disposal techniques as major aspects of COVID-19 waste management. Also, it discusses the various waste disinfection technologies along with waste management strategies formulated by different organisations. The non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies have also been identified. Alongside this, various challenges and opportunities in COVID-19 waste management are reviewed. Accordingly, recommendations to achieve efficient waste management are stated. Waste management in case of such a pandemic requires proper segregation, storage, collection and treatment. Usage of multiple processes like pyrolysis, chemical treatment, microwave and radio wave is needed to be found for treatment of infectious waste. Increased amount of mixed waste creates the need to have method that is flexible enough. Large amount of PPE waste needs to be taken care of. Development of materials that can provide hygiene and have recyclability is essential. © 2023 Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers.
ABSTRACT
The waste generated in various hospitals and healthcare facilities, including the waste of industries, can be grouped under biomedical waste (BMW). The constituents of this type of waste are various infectious and hazardous materials. This waste is then identified, segregated, and treated scientifically. There is an inevitable need for healthcare professionals to have adequate knowledge and a proper attitude towards BMW and its management. BMW generated can either be solid or liquid waste comprising infectious or potentially infectious materials, such as medical, research, or laboratory waste. There is a high possibility that inappropriate management of BMW can cause infections to healthcare workers, the patients visiting the facilities, and the surrounding environment and community. BMW can also be classified into general, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, sharps, pharmaceuticals, or pressurized wastes. India has well-established rules for the proper handling and management of BMW. Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 (BMWM Rules, 2016) specify that every healthcare facility shall take all necessary steps to ensure that BMW is handled without any adverse effect on human and environmental health. This document contains six schedules, including the category of BMW, the color coding and type of containers, and labels for BMW containers or bags, which should be non-washable and visible. A label for the transportation of BMW containers, the standard for treatment and disposal, and the schedule for waste treatment facilities such as incinerators and autoclaves are included in the schedule. The new rules established in India are meant to improve the segregation, transportation, disposal methods, and treatment of BMW. This proper management is intended to decrease environmental pollution because, if not managed properly, BMW can cause air, water, and land pollution. Collective teamwork with committed government support in finance and infrastructure development is a very important requirement for the effective disposal of BMW. Devoted healthcare workers and facilities are also significant. Further, the proper and continuous monitoring of BMW is a vital necessity. Therefore, developing environmentally friendly methods and the right plan and protocols for the disposal of BMW is very important to achieve a goal of a green and clean environment. The aim of this review article is to provide systematic evidence-based information along with a comprehensive study of BMW in an organized manner.
ABSTRACT
In this COVID-19 era, isolating people and reviewing their contacts has proven to be insufficient to control the COVID-19 pandemic as there was a huge gap between exposure to the virus and isolation due to the late onset of symptoms. This led to the spread of infection and people faced the consequences not only of viral infection, but also of financial and occupational crises. People followed best management practices, however, new variants emerged that caused infection. With little information on new COVID-19 variants and their transmission, the disease spread rapidly in humans. Until now, the link between the spread of COVID-19 and the disposal of biomedical waste with household waste has not been established. Therefore, the only way to prevent infection is to make people aware. It is still necessary to open the doors for research to find the possible cause of the appearance of a new variant of COVID-19. To cope with the situation, the level of awareness among the public and their action towards the prevention of spread of infection caused by COVID-19 and its emerging variants must be known. Therefore, a survey was conducted in Jaipur from January to February 2022 to find out the status of awareness. Results of the survey revealed that both people are aware about the infection caused by COVID-19 and its variants. They are also aware about the precautions to be followed to protect themselves from acquiring COVID-19 infection. Most of the people are using masks but not gloves to prevent themselves from the infection. Merely, 71.6% of young, 100% of adults, 40% of old people sanitize their masks and gloves before disposal. Only 66.5% people are using separate bags for the collection of wastes. Despite of awareness about biomedical waste, 25% of young never sanitize, and 26.13% of young seldom sanitizes their waste before disposal. Such types of cases were not observed in adults and old age groups. Similarly, 2.3% of young did not sanitize PPE kit prior to disposal. Results of this study revealed that there is awareness about the different strains of corona virus and biomedical wastes. However, some people showed casual behaviour in the waste disposal practices. The strict implementation of rules to dispose biomedical waste will be useful for dealing with biomedical waste in this pandemic period.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Improper waste management has a negative impact on the health of medical professionals, sanitary staff, general public and the environment in general. Objective(s): To assess the Knowledge and Practice regarding COVID-19 biomedical waste management (BMWM) among healthcare workers (HCW) of government health facilities of rural Ghaziabad. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices regarding Bio-Medical waste, in rural blocks of the district Ghaziabad at C.H.C, P.H.C and Sub-centres. Health care worker (HCW) like Doctor, Nursing Staff, Laboratory technician and Sanitary staff working in the Health care facilities were selected for the Study. A total number of 122 HCW were selected, which included 27 Doctors, 75 Nurse, 06 Lab technician and 14 sanitary staff, using Proportional allocation scheme respectively. Result(s): The Knowledge regarding Biomedical waste management of COVID-19 was 62.2% and practice was 50.8% among the HCW. Multinomial regression between socio-demographic features of HCW and their practice regarding COVID-19 Biomedical waste revealed that the practice was three times better 3.859 (1.378-10.811) in graduate and four times 4.062 (1.030-16.024) in post graduate than diploma holders. Doctors had three time better 3.595 (1.304-9.908) practice of COVID-19 biomedical waste management than nurses. Similarly, the CHC's COVID 19 biomedical waste management practices were more than four time 4.440 (1.482-13.974) better than sub centers. Conclusion(s): Level of knowledge and practice scores were unsatisfactory. Healthcare facilities should provide periodic training and adequate supplies for the waste handlers. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Proper management of Biomedical Waste (BMW) is an essential component of any sustainable healthcare sector. With the burst of COVID-19 pandemic when every hospital and treatment facility was overburdened patients, efficient handling of the huge amount of generated BMW became a task for the entire world. This review compares the BMW generated before and during the second wave of COVID-19, highlights the challenges in managing the exuberated amount of COVID-19 waste and sites recommendations to promote sustainable design thinking, in order to address this grave concern in the current setting of the Indian system. The study indicated that inappropriate management of waste and the lacunae in the entire chain from segregation to collection until its disposal has posed a serious threat to the wellbeing of healthcare workers, sanitation staff as well as the operators and housekeeping staff at the hospitals, isolation centers and Municipal Corporation. Many states had inadequate number of common BMW treatment facilities (CBMWTFs) leading to inefficient treatment of the excess waste. The behavioural and attitudinal barriers of neglect and ignorance of different stakeholders further aggravated the problem of BMW management to manifolds. To achieve better management we recommend spreading awareness regarding the kind and infectious nature of waste generated by COVID-19 patients and their caregivers, segregation and decontamination of such waste at source and increasing the capacity as well as number of CBMWTFs. Creative ways to recycle the waste must be devised so as to reduce the burden on disposal sites.
ABSTRACT
The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a significant health emergency to adverse impact on environment, and human society. The COVID-19 post-pandemic not only affects human beings but also creates pollution crisis in environment. The post-pandemic situation has shown a drastic change in nature due to biomedical waste load and other components. The inadequate segregation of untreated healthcare wastes, chemical disinfectants, and single-use plastics leads to contamination of the water, air, and agricultural fields. These materials allow the growth of disease-causing agents and transmission. Particularly, the COVID-19 outbreak has posed a severe environmental and health concern in many developing countries for infectious waste. In 2030, plastic enhances a transboundary menace to natural ecological communities and public health. This review provides a complete overview of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental pollution and its anthropogenic impacts to public health and natural ecosystem considering short- and long-term scenarios. The review thoroughly assesses the impacts on ecosystem in the terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric realms. The information from this evaluation can be utilized to assess the short-term and long-term solutions for minimizing any unfavorable effects. Especially, this topic focuses on the excessive use of plastics and their products, subsequently with the involvement of the scientific community, and policymakers will develop the proper management plan for the upcoming generation. This article also provides crucial research gap knowledge to boost national disaster preparedness in future perspectives.
ABSTRACT
The emergence of COVID-19 changed the perception of dealing with the different types of generated wastes. Most importantly the infectious medical wastes now are handled with great care to avoid transmission or spillage to other sources. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater/sewage is a matter of great concern as it alters the wastewater management practices. Different steps of waste collection, transport, and disposal need to be catered with the responsibility to achieve harmony with the environment. Individual and governmental efforts along with the waste management guidelines are required to deal post-COVID-19 era waste problem. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
In the majority of health-care organizations including the field of dentistry, biomedical waste (BMW) is becoming a severe concern. All health-care employees must be informed of how to properly dispose of health-care waste and how to handle, segregate, and transport BMW. Proper segregation of BMW is highly essential during these current pandemic times. There is a rapid increase in the spread of infectious diseases, especially in the field of dentistry. COVID currently has a higher spread and affectivity ratio than any other disease since 2019, along with other diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. Without proper disposal of medical waste, there can be no assurance that these diseases will not spread. Hence, there is a need for a safety protocol, which is applied and implemented worldwide and their disposal in a specific guided manner. This article is intended to provide deep insight and to simplify how to categorize and dispose orthodontic BMW.
ABSTRACT
The rate of Biomedical waste generation increases exponentially during infectious diseases, such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which burst in December 2019 and spread worldwide in a very short time, causing over 6 M casualties worldwide till May 2022. As per the WHO guidelines, the facemask has been used by every person to prevent the infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and discarded as biomedical waste. In the present work, a 3-ply facemask was chosen to be treated using the solvent, which was extracted from the different types of waste plastics through the thermal-catalytic pyrolysis process using a novel catalyst. The facemask was dispersed in the solvent in a heating process, followed by dissolution and precipitation of the facemask in the solvent and by filtration of the solid facemask residue out of the solvent. The effect of peak temperature, heating rate, and type of solvent is observed experimentally, and it found that the facemask was dissolved completely with a clear supernate in the solvent extracted from the (polypropylene + poly-ethylene) plastic also saved energy, while the solvent from ABS plastic was not capable to dissolute the facemask. The potential of the presented approach on the global level is also examined.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to analyze the impact of pandemic-related BMW production and management in the Philippines and its potential role in transmitting the COVID-19 virus via a mixed-methods analysis of data from surveys of different sectors (consumers of medical waste, deliverymen, and medical workers) and using secondary sources. The results revealed that the most common types of PPE used in the country are disposable face masks and face shields, wherein all respondents reported an increase in the consumption of medical materials. An improper disposal of an estimated 85 million disposable face masks and 50 million face shields in the Philippines poses a serious threat to the environment and health in the Philippines, a biodiversity hot spot. There was a strong correlation between the increased exposure to BMW and laxer degrees of implementation of proper BMW disposal practices. The paper also established an estimated consumption of - 120.5 million face masks, - 71.4 million face shields, -38 million disposable gloves, and - 4.1 million full-body suits per day in the Philippines. The actual output of biomedical waste in the country drastically increased in a year, comprising an average daily output of 3,390 tons of BMW (- 482 tons for face masks, - 2,544 tons for face shields, - 198 tons for disposable gloves, and - 167 tons for full-body suits which is an important discovery regarding the biomedical waste in the country. These estimates were found to be higher than those reported by the Asian Development Bank in 2020. All sectors reported low awareness levels and confidence in the country's effectiveness in implementing current BMW management practices. Copyright © 2022 Oriental Scientific Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic led to the explosion of biomedical waste, a global challenge to public health and the environment. Biomedical waste comprising plastic can convert into microplastics (MPs, < 5 mm) by sunlight, wave, oxidative and thermal processes, and biodegradation. MPs with additives and contaminants such as metals are also hazardous to many aquatic and terrestrial organisms, including humans. Bioaccumulation of MPs in organisms often transfers across the trophic level in the global food web. Thus, this article aims to provide a literature review on the source, quantity, and fate of biomedical waste, along with the recent surge of MPs and their adverse impact on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. MPs intake (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) in humans causing various chronic diseases involving multiple organs in digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems are surveyed, which have been reviewed barely. There is an urgent need to control and manage biomedical waste to shrink MPs pollution for reducing environmental and human health risks.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Humans , Microplastics/toxicity , Plastics/toxicity , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , Environmental Monitoring , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , BiomarkersABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of the study was to correlate environmental changes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in four metropolitan cities. Methodology: Data on monthly cumulative new cases, monthly average temperatures, humidity, precipitation, and average monthly air quality index (AQI) levels for the four Indian cities - Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata, and biomedical waste (BMW) quantity at national level were ed for the period from March 2020 to December 2020. Results: An inverse correlation was observed between temperature and transmission of the disease in New Delhi and Kolkata which was of fair degree for New Delhi (r = 0.299, P = 0.402) and poor for Kolkata (r = 0.200, P value = 0.579). Positive correlation of fair and poor degrees was observed between temperature and transmission of the disease in Mumbai (r = 0.272, P = 0.448) and Chennai (r = 0.196, P = 0.588), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the transmission of the disease and humidity in New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata, which was of moderate-to-good degree for Mumbai (r = 0.729, P = 0.017) and poor for New Delhi (r = 0.242, P = 0.501) and Kolkata (r = 0.123, P = 0.735). A significant positive correlation was observed between the rise in COVID-19 cases and the quantity of BMW generated (r = 0.88, P = 0.009). Furthermore, significant improvement in air quality AQI in four metros and water quality biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand of Yamuna river was observed. Conclusions: Understanding of the interplay of environmental meteorological factors on COVID-19 disease transmission and vice versa is necessary for better informed policy framing and future research. © Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth 2022.
ABSTRACT
As the world is facing a Covid-19 pandemic, this virus teaches a lesson about the importance of on-site disinfection. On-site disinfection/sterilization with real-time monitoring of biomedical waste generated from the medical facilities is mandatory to prevent hospital-acquired infection (HAI). In this study, the life cycle assessment of two technologies, i.e., microwave (radiation-based) and autoclave (steam-based) were performed to summarize the inside-out evaluation of both technologies in terms of efficiency, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. The results of disinfection efficacy indicated a log 10 reduction (almost 100%) in the vegetative load of microorganisms compared to the control, showing a similar level of disinfection efficacy of both strategies. Additionally, both technologies were compared on several parameters, and it was discovered that the autoclave uses more time and resources than the microwave. The total cost of an autoclave to the government is approximately double that of a microwave, while the operational cost of an autoclave is more than double that of a microwave. The findings from this study indicate that MACS may be used as a dry technique of biomedical disinfection, and its portability, tunability, and compactness make it a suitable alternative for biomedical disinfection and sterilization. Graphical : [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, Jiangnan University.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has drastically changed the practice of biomedical waste (BMW) generation and management. Studies venturing into the facility level preparedness at various levels of healthcare delivery during pandemic situation is the need of the hour. Hence, we did this study to assess the BMW disposal practices amongst secondary and tertiary health facilities during COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst doctors, nurses and allied healthcare staffs across various departments in 18 public health facilities across six districts of Tamil Nadu. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done based on the random-intercept model to assess the determinants of BMW disposal practices. The effect size was reported as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: In total, 2593 BMW disposal observations were made. During nearly three-fourth of the observations (73%), the BMW was disposed of appropriately. Nurses (aOR â= â1.54; 95%CI: 1.06-2.23) and doctors (aOR â= â1.60; 95%CI: 1.05-2.45), healthcare workers in Paediatrics department (aOR â= â1.77; 95%CI: 1.13-2.76), healthcare workers in inpatient department (aOR â= â2.77; 95%CI: 1.95-3.94) and injection outpatient department (aOR â= â2.69; 95%CI: 1.59-4.47) had significantly better odds of having appropriate BMW disposal practices. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that nearly during three-fourth of the observations, healthcare workers performed appropriate BMW disposal practices. However, measures should be taken to achieve 100% compliance by healthcare workers especially the target groups identified in our study by allocating appropriate resources and periodically monitor the BMW disposal practices.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Guideline Adherence , Hazardous Waste , Health Personnel , Medical Waste Disposal , Secondary Care Centers , Tertiary Care Centers , Child , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , India/epidemiology , Pandemics , Medical Waste Disposal/methods , Odds RatioABSTRACT
Since the beginning of this outbreak, much evidence stated that the climb in the amount of biomedical waste harmed human health and had adverse effects on the environment. With the increase of cases of COVID-19 all around the globe, the amount of biomedical waste was also constantly rising. Also, many solutions regarding either reducing or recycling biomedical waste. However, the potential global burden of biomedical waste during this pandemic was not yet been analyzed. Herein, we perform a systematic review of literature on these modalities, including mentioning types of biomedical waste, the effect on health, the environment, and methods of handling biomedical waste during this pandemic. A total of 3551 published papers were identified by two databases. In the end, 15 references were selected for this systematic analysis. Most of the included studies focus on research on the impact of medical waste caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment. The total biomedical waste during the COVID-19 pandemic was approximately 16,649.48 tons/day. Most publications agreed that the amount of waste has also increased due to the rapidly rising number of COVID-19 patients. In 15 articles, we identified 2 mentioning the COVID-19 biomedical waste on health. 9 out of 15 gave out the context related to the solution of BMW by COVID-19. More studies, including meta-analyses, are recommended to shed more light on the effects of medical waste on environmental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To determine the level of attitude and awareness regarding biomedical waste management (BMWM) policy and practice among healthcare workers (HCWs) in tertiary level hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. Materials and methods: This is a questionnaire-based study which was done among 1,000 members of the hospital including undergraduate students, doctors (faculty members and postgraduate students), and class IV employees (cleaners and maintenance personnel). It consisted a total of 33 questions intended to obtain information about knowledge of BMWM practices grouped under three headings: (a) knowledge of biomedical waste (BMW) generation, segregation, and categorization;(b) knowledge of BMWM practice in hospitals on procedure and disposal;and (c) awareness regarding best management practices in dental office. Results: The mean scores were calculated and it was found that regarding knowledge of BMW generation, segregation, and categorization, the doctors had significantly more knowledge and dental students were having comparatively least knowledge among all groups, whereas mean value of attitude of BMWM practice in hospitals on procedure and disposal and practice regarding best waste management in dental office has shown statistically significant results with doctors. Conclusion: This study showed that there was a good, satisfactory, and poor level of knowledge, attitude, and practice about BMW generation hazards, legislation, and management among doctors (faculty members and postgraduate students), class IV employees, and dental students, respectively. Clinical significance: The awareness of these BMWM laws among the public, as well as development of policies and enforcement that respect those laws, is essential. Appropriate measures should be taken to minimize hazardous waste where possible or action should be taken to ensure that all generated waste is managed according to the correct norms and regulations. © The Author(s). 2022.